Which battle in 1648 is often called the last major battle of the Thirty Years' War?

The Battle of Zusmarshausen is often called the last major battle of the Thirty Years' War. It was fought on 17 May 1648 in Bavaria, near Augsburg, between a Franco-Swedish army and Imperial-Bavarian forces.

The allied army was commanded by Swedish field marshal Carl Gustaf Wrangel and the French commander Turenne. The Imperial-Bavarian force was led by Peter Melander von Holzappel, who was killed during the fighting. Raimondo Montecuccoli helped protect the retreat, preventing the defeated army from being completely destroyed.

The battle ended in a Franco-Swedish victory and forced the Imperial-Bavarian army to withdraw toward Augsburg. Its importance came not only from the result but also from its timing: peace negotiations were already underway in Westphalia, yet the combatants continued fighting to improve their bargaining positions.

Zusmarshausen is sometimes described more precisely as the last major battle fought on German soil. The Battle of Prague, fought later in 1648, is generally identified as the final action of the war overall. That distinction explains why both battles appear in accounts of the war's closing campaigns.