Which amendment to the U.S. Constitution protects freedom of speech?

The First Amendment to the U.S. Constitution protects freedom of speech, along with several other fundamental freedoms.

Ratified in 1791 as part of the Bill of Rights, the amendment restricts Congress from making laws that abridge freedom of speech or of the press. It also addresses religion, peaceful assembly, and petitioning the government for grievances.

The amendment’s text limits government action; it does not generally prevent private organizations, employers, or individuals from setting their own speech rules. Courts have interpreted its protections through many decisions over time.

Freedom of speech is often discussed together with freedom of expression, but the amendment’s text specifically refers to speech and related freedoms. It is also distinct from the Second Amendment, which concerns the right to keep and bear arms.