Which 1938 Nazi pogrom against Jews is commonly known as Kristallnacht?

The 1938 Nazi pogrom against Jews is commonly known as Kristallnacht.

Kristallnacht took place across Nazi Germany, Austria, and parts of the Sudetenland on 9–10 November 1938. Nazi officials encouraged attacks on Jewish people, homes, businesses, synagogues, and community buildings. The German word Kristallnacht refers to the broken glass that covered streets after thousands of Jewish-owned shops were vandalized.

The immediate pretext was the shooting of German diplomat Ernst vom Rath by Herschel Grynszpan, a young Jewish refugee, in Paris. Nazi authorities used the incident to unleash coordinated violence. At least 91 Jews were murdered in the pogrom, while many more died later from abuse and imprisonment. Around 30,000 Jewish men were arrested and sent to concentration camps.

Kristallnacht marked a major escalation from discriminatory laws and economic persecution toward openly violent, state-sponsored persecution. The event is also called the “Night of Broken Glass,” but historians often prefer the term November Pogrom because the violence involved far more than shattered windows.