Which 1923 silent horror film starred Lon Chaney as the hunchback Quasimodo?

The 1923 silent film starring Lon Chaney as the hunchback Quasimodo was The Hunchback of Notre Dame.

Directed by Wallace Worsley and released by Universal Pictures, the film adapts Victor Hugo's 1831 novel. Chaney plays Quasimodo, the deaf and physically deformed bell-ringer of Notre Dame Cathedral, while Patsy Ruth Miller plays Esmeralda. The story is set in Paris in 1482 and follows Quasimodo's struggle against cruelty, manipulation, and social exclusion.

Chaney designed and applied much of his own extreme makeup, using the performance to make Quasimodo frightening but also deeply sympathetic. The role transformed him from a celebrated character actor into a major Hollywood star. The production was unusually lavish, with enormous sets representing medieval Paris and the cathedral.

The film is sometimes grouped with silent horror because of Chaney's grotesque appearance and dark atmosphere, although it is formally a drama and adaptation of Hugo's novel. It was Universal's most successful silent film and helped establish Chaney as a leading figure in macabre screen roles before his later performance in The Phantom of the Opera.