Which 1778 treaty formed a formal alliance between the United States and France during the Revolution?

The Treaty of Alliance formed a formal military alliance between the United States and France during the American Revolutionary War.

The agreement was signed in Paris on February 6, 1778, alongside the Treaty of Amity and Commerce. Benjamin Franklin, Silas Deane, and Arthur Lee negotiated for the United States, while Conrad Alexandre Gérard represented France.

France agreed to support the United States against Great Britain and promised not to make a separate peace unless American independence was included. French military and naval assistance later became crucial, especially during the Yorktown campaign in 1781.

The treaty did not itself end the war or recognize American independence as a final peace settlement. Those functions are associated with the Treaty of Paris of 1783. The alliance ended after the United States made peace with Britain, and the two countries later fought the undeclared Quasi-War in the 1790s.