Aegyptus was the Roman name for Egypt after Octavian annexed it in 30 BCE.
Octavian, who later became Augustus, took control of Egypt after defeating Mark Antony and Cleopatra. Unlike most Roman provinces, Egypt was administered as the personal possession of the emperor. Senators generally needed imperial permission to enter it, and the prefect governing the province belonged to the equestrian order.
Egypt was exceptionally valuable because the Nile Valley produced enormous quantities of grain. Shipments from Alexandria helped supply Rome, making the province strategically important to imperial stability. Alexandria also remained a major center of commerce, scholarship, and administration.
Roman Egypt retained many local traditions while adopting Roman political structures. Its temples continued to function for centuries, and Greek remained an important administrative language alongside Latin and Egyptian forms of writing.