The 1873 financial crisis that began with the Vienna Stock Exchange crash is called the Panic of 1873.
On May 9, 1873, the Vienna exchange crashed after a speculative boom in railway and property shares. The shock spread through European markets and soon reached the United States, where the failure of the banking firm Jay Cooke & Company in September triggered a major American panic.
Railway overbuilding, excessive borrowing, falling agricultural prices, and banking weakness contributed to the crisis. The collapse caused bank failures, business failures, unemployment, and a prolonged decline in investment across several industrial economies.
In the United States, the New York Stock Exchange closed for ten days after Jay Cooke failed. The extended period of economic weakness is often called the Long Depression, although historians differ over its exact dates and severity. The Panic of 1873 is the specific financial shock that helped begin that era.