The speculative bubble associated with the 1637 Dutch tulip-market crisis is called Tulip mania.
Tulips became highly fashionable in the Dutch Republic during the seventeenth century, and rare bulbs could command exceptionally high prices. Contracts for bulbs were sometimes traded before the flowers were harvested, creating a futures-like market. In early 1637, buyers in the Dutch city of Haarlem reportedly failed to appear at an auction, and confidence weakened rapidly.
The popular story often says that ordinary Dutch citizens universally lost fortunes in a single nationwide crash. Historians have found a more complicated picture: the market was concentrated in particular contracts and trading circles, and the economic effects were probably less catastrophic than later retellings suggested.
Tulip mania is still used as a comparison for later asset bubbles. It is not a stock-market crash in the modern exchange-index sense, but it is one of the best-known historical examples of speculative price escalation followed by collapse.