What was Cleopatra's official title as ruler of Egypt?

Cleopatra's official Egyptian title as ruler was pharaoh. In ordinary Greek and Roman descriptions, she was also called a queen, but pharaoh was the traditional sacred kingship title used by Egyptian rulers, including the Ptolemies.

The Ptolemaic kings were Macedonian Greek monarchs who ruled from Alexandria, yet they adopted Egyptian royal traditions to strengthen their authority. Ptolemaic rulers were depicted in temple reliefs performing rituals for Egyptian gods, and they used pharaonic titulary and imagery. Cleopatra continued this practice, presenting herself as the living embodiment of the goddess Isis in addition to ruling as a Hellenistic queen.

The answer is sometimes confused because Cleopatra is commonly described in English as the “Queen of Egypt.” That description is accurate in a broad political sense, while “pharaoh” identifies her Egyptian royal office and religious legitimacy. Cleopatra VII was the last active Hellenistic pharaoh, and her death in 30 BC marked the end of the Ptolemaic dynasty and pharaonic Egypt as an independent kingdom.