What type of vehicle did Leonardo da Vinci sketch with a large protective shield for combat?

Leonardo da Vinci sketched an armoured vehicle with a large protective shield for combat.

The vehicle is often described as an early tank concept. Leonardo’s drawing shows a conical, covered structure mounted on wheels, with openings for weapons around its perimeter. The sloped covering was intended to protect the crew while the machine advanced toward an enemy position.

The design was powered by people turning internal cranks connected to the wheels. Historians and engineers have debated whether Leonardo deliberately included a gearing problem that would have prevented the vehicle from moving. Whether accidental or intentional, the issue means the drawing is better understood as a concept than as a finished, buildable tank.

The vehicle was associated with Leonardo’s military work for Ludovico Sforza. It did not use an engine, tracks, or modern armour. Calling it an early armoured vehicle is more precise than claiming Leonardo built the first modern tank.