What type of orbit does JWST use around the L2 point?

JWST uses a halo orbit around the Sun–Earth L2 point.

L2 is a gravitational balance region about 1.5 million kilometres from Earth, on the side opposite the Sun. JWST does not sit exactly at L2; instead, it loops around the point while orbiting the Sun in step with Earth. This arrangement keeps the Sun, Earth and Moon generally on the same side of the spacecraft.

That geometry is vital for infrared astronomy. JWST’s large sunshield blocks heat and light from all three bodies, while the halo path helps prevent the telescope from entering Earth’s or Moon’s shadow. Continuous sunlight also supplies power and keeps communications possible.

A common mix-up is calling JWST’s path circular or elliptical. Its overall solar trajectory is distinct from its local halo motion around L2. The term “halo orbit” specifically describes this three-dimensional looping path around a Lagrange point.