What powered Leonardo da Vinci’s self-propelled cart design?

Leonardo da Vinci’s self-propelled cart design was powered by coiled springs.

The cart, usually dated to the late 15th century, used wound springs hidden inside its body to drive its wheels. It is often described as an early programmable vehicle because pegs on one of its wheels could help determine the direction and distance of travel. The design may have been intended for theatrical performances or court spectacles.

Unlike a modern automobile, Leonardo’s cart had no combustion engine, battery, or steering wheel. Its energy came from mechanical spring tension, much like a large clock mechanism. Reconstructions have shown that the basic arrangement could move, although the exact original details remain debated.

The cart is frequently called a robot because it could move without a person riding it. That label is modern and broad. Historically, it was a mechanical entertainment device and an example of Leonardo’s interest in automation, gearing, and controlled motion.