What phenomenon causes a changing magnetic field to induce an electric current in a conductor?

Electromagnetic induction is the production of an electromotive force by a changing magnetic field.

The induced voltage depends on how quickly the magnetic flux through a circuit changes. Moving a magnet through a coil, moving the coil near a magnet, or changing the current in a nearby circuit can all produce induction. A closed conducting path then allows an induced current to flow.

Michael Faraday established the experimental principle in 1831, while Joseph Henry independently discovered related results around the same period. Electromagnetic induction is the operating principle behind generators, many transformers, induction cooktops, and wireless charging systems. It is distinct from electrostatic induction, which involves charge redistribution caused by an electric field.