The Ottoman tax traditionally imposed on non-Muslim subjects in return for protection was jizya.
Jizya was a per-person tax associated with non-Muslim adult males living under Muslim rule. In the Ottoman Empire, it was collected from protected non-Muslim communities, including many Christians and Jews. In principle, payment was connected with protection and exemption from military service, although the practical rules and enforcement changed over time.
The tax was not the same as zakat, which is a religious obligation on Muslims, or kharaj, a land tax. Ottoman authorities also varied the assessment according to wealth, and some groups or individuals were exempt under particular circumstances.
The Ottoman state abolished jizya in the nineteenth century during the Tanzimat reform period. In 1856, the Reform Edict replaced the traditional arrangement with a military-exemption tax intended to place subjects on a more formally equal legal footing, though distinctions persisted in practice.