What national development philosophy did Bhutan popularize as an alternative to GDP?

Bhutan popularized Gross National Happiness as an alternative to GDP-focused development.

Gross National Happiness, usually abbreviated GNH, is a development philosophy associated with Bhutan. It emphasizes overall well-being rather than treating economic production as the only measure of national progress. The concept is commonly linked to Bhutan's fourth king, Jigme Singye Wangchuck, who promoted it internationally in the 1970s.

Bhutan's framework includes areas such as psychological well-being, health, education, time use, cultural diversity, good governance, community vitality, ecological diversity, and living standards. Surveys and policy analysis are used to assess these dimensions.

GNH does not mean that Bhutan ignores economic development or uses one simple happiness score. It is better understood as a policy framework that tries to balance material progress with social, cultural, environmental, and mental well-being. The idea has influenced international discussions about measures beyond gross domestic product.