What name is given to the 1873 market crash that helped begin the Long Depression?

The 1873 market crash that helped begin the Long Depression is called the Panic of 1873.

The panic began in Europe after the failure of the Vienna bank Länderbank and reached the United States when Jay Cooke & Company failed on September 18, 1873. Jay Cooke had been a major financier of Northern Pacific Railway bonds, and the railroad boom had encouraged heavy borrowing and speculative investment.

The New York Stock Exchange closed on September 20, 1873, for the first time in its history. Banking failures, business bankruptcies, falling prices, and unemployment spread through the United States and Europe. The resulting downturn is called the Long Depression; its dates and severity are debated by historians, but it lasted much longer than a normal short financial panic.

The 1873 event is sometimes confused with the later Panic of 1893 because both involved railroads and banking distress. It also differs from the 1637 tulip episode and the 1720 South Sea collapse, which were earlier, more localized speculative crises.