The 1873 financial crisis that began with a stock exchange collapse in Vienna is called the Panic of 1873.
The Vienna Stock Exchange crash occurred in May 1873, after a speculative boom in property and railway companies. The panic spread through financial markets in Europe and then reached the United States, where the failure of the banking firm Jay Cooke & Company helped trigger a major market disruption in September.
The resulting downturn is often connected with the Long Depression, a period of falling prices and weak economic growth that affected much of the industrial world. The duration and severity of that depression remain subjects of historical debate, but the 1873 panic clearly marked a major international financial shock.
It is sometimes called the “Great Depression” in older historical writing, but that label can cause confusion with the 1930s Great Depression. “Panic of 1873” is the standard name for the initiating crisis.