What kind of vehicle did Leonardo da Vinci design with a conical gear system for movement?

Leonardo da Vinci designed a self-propelled cart powered by a concealed spring mechanism.

The cart appears in drawings from the late 15th century. Its movement was produced by coiled springs, while a system of gears controlled the distance and direction it traveled. The design has been described as an early programmable machine because its steering could be set in advance with pegs.

The cart may have been intended for theatrical performances or court festivities rather than transportation. Leonardo’s notes do not provide a complete construction manual, so modern reconstructions have had to interpret missing details.

It is often called Leonardo’s automobile, but that label can mislead. The cart had no engine, fuel system, or passenger cabin like a modern car. It was a spring-driven mechanical vehicle, and its importance lies in automation and mechanical control.