What is the title of Hemingway's posthumous novel published in 1999?

Hemingway’s posthumous novel published in 1999 was True at First Light. The book draws on his 1953–54 safari in Kenya with his fourth wife, Mary Welsh Hemingway.

Hemingway began working on the manuscript after the couple survived two airplane crashes in Africa in January 1954. He continued developing what he called his “Africa book” during the following years, but it remained unfinished when he died in 1961. His son Patrick Hemingway later edited the manuscript for publication, reducing a roughly 200,000-word draft to a much shorter book.

The work is often described as a blend of memoir, travel writing, and fiction rather than a conventional novel. That unusual form created controversy, because critics questioned how much editorial shaping was appropriate for an unfinished manuscript. True at First Light was released on July 7, 1999, during Hemingway’s centennial year. It should not be confused with A Moveable Feast, The Garden of Eden, or Islands in the Stream, which are also posthumously published Hemingway books but have different publication histories and subjects.