What is the term for a security process requiring a password and a second factor?

The security process requiring a password and a second factor is two-factor authentication.

Two-factor authentication, commonly abbreviated 2FA, requires evidence from two different authentication categories. A password is something the user knows; the second factor might be something the user has, such as a hardware security key or authenticator app, or something the user is, such as a fingerprint. The two factors are intended to reduce the damage caused by a stolen or guessed password.

A one-time code sent by text message is also commonly used as a second factor, although authenticator apps and hardware keys generally provide stronger protection against phishing and account takeover. Two-factor authentication is a specific form of multi-factor authentication: MFA is the broader term for using at least two factors, while 2FA specifically means exactly two. Biometric authentication describes one factor type, and single sign-on describes an access method, not the two-factor security process itself.