What is the scientific name of the orchid that produces vanilla?

The scientific name of the orchid that produces vanilla is Vanilla planifolia. It is also called flat-leaved vanilla or West Indian vanilla, and it belongs to the orchid family, Orchidaceae.

Vanilla planifolia is native to tropical regions of Mexico, Central America, Colombia, and Brazil. Its long, climbing vine produces pods that are commonly called vanilla beans, although botanically they are fruits. The pods develop their familiar aroma during curing, when compounds such as vanillin are released.

The plant’s flowers open for only one day and have a structure that prevents easy self-pollination. In its native range, specialized insects can pollinate them, but commercial growers usually hand-pollinate each flower. This practice became especially important after Edmond Albius developed a practical hand-pollination technique on Réunion in 1841.

Vanilla planifolia is sometimes confused with Vanilla tahitensis or Vanilla pompona, which can also produce vanilla products. However, V. planifolia is the principal species behind conventional vanilla flavoring and the canonical answer to this question.