The consonant sound produced by blocking and then releasing the airflow is a plosive, also called a stop consonant.
To make a plosive, the speech organs form a complete closure somewhere in the vocal tract. Air pressure builds behind that closure, which is then released, often creating a short burst. English examples include /p/ and /b/ at the lips, /t/ and /d/ at the alveolar ridge, and /k/ and /ɡ/ at the soft palate.
Phoneticians commonly describe three stages: the articulators approach each other, hold the closure, and release the compressed air. Voicing can occur during or around the closure, producing voiced and voiceless pairs such as /b/ and /p/. The glottal stop /ʔ/ is another kind of stop made at the vocal folds.
Plosives differ from nasals because nasals allow air through the nose, and from fricatives because fricatives leave a narrow passage that creates turbulent noise rather than a complete closure. “Stop” and “plosive” are often interchangeable, although some specialists use the terms with slightly different technical boundaries.