The chapter in The Brothers Karamazov where Ivan discusses a child’s suffering with Alyosha is called “Rebellion.”
In “Rebellion,” Ivan Karamazov presents a moral argument against accepting a universe in which innocent children suffer. He tells Alyosha about documented acts of cruelty and insists that harmony cannot be justified if its price is the torment of the innocent. The chapter is followed by “The Grand Inquisitor,” Ivan’s famous poem and philosophical narrative.
These chapters are often discussed together, but they are distinct sections of the novel. “Rebellion” introduces Ivan’s challenge to divine justice, while “The Grand Inquisitor” explores freedom, authority, and religious doubt through a story set during the Spanish Inquisition.
A common mix-up is to name “The Grand Inquisitor” as the chapter about the children. That chapter contains the following parable; the argument about suffering belongs specifically to “Rebellion.”