What is the name of Michelangelo's famous painting on the altar wall of the Sistine Chapel?

The name of Michelangelo's famous painting on the altar wall of the Sistine Chapel is The Last Judgment.

Michelangelo painted this monumental fresco between 1536 and 1541, about 25 years after completing the Sistine Chapel ceiling. It depicts the Second Coming of Christ and the final judgment of humanity, with the saved rising toward heaven and the damned descending toward punishment.

The fresco was commissioned under Pope Clement VII and completed under Pope Paul III. Its placement was unusual: large Last Judgment scenes were more traditionally located near a church’s main entrance, reminding worshippers of judgment as they departed. Michelangelo instead covered the chapel’s entire altar wall, replacing earlier decorations.

A common mix-up is confusing it with the ceiling’s famous scenes, including The Creation of Adam. The Creation is part of the ceiling cycle; The Last Judgment is the enormous altar-wall fresco behind the chapel’s altar.