What is the main social unit of an African elephant herd?

The main social unit of an African elephant herd is a matriarchal family group.

These groups are usually made up of related females and their dependent calves. The oldest experienced female, called the matriarch, often guides movement and helps the group respond to threats, drought, and unfamiliar surroundings. Her knowledge can be especially valuable during long-distance travel.

Young males generally leave their natal family groups when they reach adolescence. They may live alone for periods or associate in looser bachelor groups. Adult bulls usually spend less time with family herds than females do, although they may approach them for mating.

“Elephant herd” can therefore describe a temporary gathering larger than a close family. Several family groups may join near water or during favorable conditions, but the enduring core is usually the related female-led unit.