What document became the United States’ first constitution when it took effect in 1781?

The Articles of Confederation became the United States’ first constitution when they took effect in 1781.

Officially titled the Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union, the document created a national framework during the American Revolution. The Second Continental Congress debated it from 1776 to 1777 and finalized the text on November 15, 1777.

The Articles did not take effect immediately. Ratification required approval from all thirteen states, and Maryland was the final holdout. Maryland ratified the document on February 2, 1781, allowing it to become effective on March 1.

Under the Articles, the states retained substantial sovereignty and Congress had limited powers, including no general authority to regulate interstate commerce or levy taxes directly. The United States Constitution replaced the Articles on March 4, 1789, creating a stronger federal system.