The Siege of Acre in 1291 marked the end of which crusader kingdom?

The Siege of Acre in 1291 marked the end of the Kingdom of Jerusalem. Acre was the kingdom’s last major stronghold on the mainland and its fall ended effective Crusader rule in the Levant.

The Mamluk sultan al-Ashraf Khalil began the siege in April 1291 with a large army and extensive siege equipment. After weeks of bombardment, mining, and assaults, Mamluk forces breached Acre’s defenses on 18 May. The city’s remaining defenders and civilians attempted a chaotic evacuation by sea, while the final Templar fortress held out until 28 May.

The Kingdom of Jerusalem had already lost Jerusalem to Saladin in 1187, but Acre became its political and military capital after the Third Crusade recaptured it in 1191. Its loss in 1291 was therefore the decisive end of the mainland kingdom, although the title and royal line continued in connection with Cyprus for centuries. The County of Tripoli and Principality of Antioch had fallen earlier, in 1289 and 1268 respectively.