The Second Continental Congress passed the Lee Resolution on July 2, 1776, declaring the colonies independent from Great Britain.
Virginia delegate Richard Henry Lee introduced the resolution after receiving instructions from the Virginia Convention. Its wording stated that the United Colonies were free and independent states and no longer politically connected to Great Britain. Congress approved it after debate, making July 2 the date of the formal independence vote.
The Declaration of Independence followed two days later. Congress adopted that document on July 4, which is why the United States celebrates Independence Day on that date rather than July 2. The Declaration explained and justified the decision already made by the Lee Resolution.
John Adams believed July 2 would become the great annual national celebration, but public tradition instead followed the Declaration's adoption date. The distinction remains an important detail in the history commemorated by America's 250th anniversary.