In which Italian city was Galileo born?

Galileo was born in Pisa, Italy.

He was born on 15 February 1564 in Pisa, then part of the Grand Duchy of Tuscany. Pisa was already an important Tuscan city and a center of learning, home to the University of Pisa, where Galileo later studied and eventually taught mathematics. His family moved to Florence when he was young, so Florence is closely connected with his childhood and career, but it was not his birthplace.

Galileo’s father, Vincenzo Galilei, was a musician and music theorist. The family’s intellectual environment helped shape Galileo’s interest in mathematics, experiment, and the relationship between physical laws and musical harmony. Galileo later returned to Pisa for university before moving to Padua, where he spent many productive years.

Another common mistake is choosing Florence because Galileo died near Florence and was strongly associated with the Medici court. Those later connections do not change the historical answer: his birthplace was Pisa.