In Philip K. Dick's dystopian novel Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep?, the empathy test used to identify androids is the Voigt-Kampff test.
The test measures a subject's physiological responses to emotionally provocative questions, especially questions involving animal suffering. Its underlying assumption is that androids lack the empathetic responses expected of humans. Rick Deckard administers the test while hunting escaped androids in post-apocalyptic San Francisco.
The Voigt-Kampff test is not the same as the Turing test, which evaluates whether a machine can imitate human conversation or intelligence. The novel's test focuses specifically on empathy, a quality treated as socially important after nuclear war has devastated the environment and made real animals rare.
Dick's novel was published in 1968. Ridley Scott's 1982 film Blade Runner adapts many elements of it but changes names, details, and aspects of the story's world.