At which battle in 1191 did Richard the Lionheart decisively defeat Saladin?

Richard the Lionheart decisively defeated Saladin at the Battle of Arsuf in 1191. The battle was fought on 7 September during the Third Crusade, near the coastal town of Arsuf, as Richard's army marched south from Acre toward Jaffa.

Saladin's forces repeatedly harassed the Crusader column, hoping to break its disciplined formation. Richard ordered his troops to maintain their ranks while relying on supplies and protection from the fleet sailing alongside the coast. The Crusaders endured the attacks until the Knights Hospitaller launched a charge, after which Richard committed the rest of his army. The resulting assault broke the Ayyubid formation and forced Saladin's army to retreat.

Arsuf was Richard's clearest battlefield victory over Saladin, although it did not recapture Jerusalem. The victory secured the Crusaders' control of the central Palestinian coast and enabled Richard to reoccupy Jaffa. It is sometimes confused with Hattin, where Saladin defeated a Crusader army in 1187, or Jaffa, the site of a later engagement between Richard and Saladin.